End Inquisition in the 19th Century; Enlightenment

• Age of Enlightenment, period in Western intellectual history from the late 17th to the late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing:
  • Scottish Enlightenment, period in 18th century Scotland
  • American Enlightenment, intellectual culture of the British North American colonies and the early United States
  • Enlightenment in Poland, ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland
  • Catholic Enlightenment, movement within Catholicism to find answers to the secularism of the Enlightenment
  • Russian Enlightenment, a period in the eighteenth century in which the government in Russia began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences
  • Enlightenment in Spain, Bourbon period of reform and 'enlightened despotism'
  • Modern Greek Enlightenment, an 18th-century national revival and educational movement in Greece
  • Haskalah, Jewish Enlightenment, movement among European Jews in the late 18th century

Ending of the Inquisition in the 19th and 20th centuriesEdit

The wars of independence of the former Spanish colonies in the Americas concluded with the abolition of the Inquisition in every quarter of Hispanic America between 1813 and 1825.

In Portugal, in the wake of the Liberal Revolution of 1820, the "General Extraordinary and Constituent Courts of the Portuguese Nation" abolished the Portuguese inquisition in 1821.

The last execution of the Inquisition was in Spain in 1826.^[48] This was the execution by garroting of the school teacher Cayetano Ripoll for purportedly teaching Deism in his school.^[48] In Spain the practices of the Inquisition were finally outlawed in 1834.^{[citation needed]}

In Italy, after the restoration of the Pope as the ruler of the Papal States in 1814, the activity of the Papal States Inquisition continued on until the mid-19th century, notably in the well-publicised Mortara Affair (1858–1870). In 1908 the name of the Congregation became "The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office", which in 1965 further changed to "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", as retained to the present day.