Dawkins vs. Science in Islam

Debate

PHI 105: Premise

watch-student-asks-ben-shapiro-why-a-fetus-is-human-life-his-answer-leaves-student-speechless

Introduction to Philosophy, Part 3 Knowledge

Part 3: Knowledge


What is Knowledge? (Philosophical Definitions), 1:59


A description of how philosophers define knowledge, all the way back to Plato, and a basic introduction to the distinction between warrant and justification. This video will help you to understand the basics of epistemology.


https://youtu.be/cxWxGYVVFJ0

Caring and Epistemic Demands
Linda Zagzebski

What Is Knowledge?
A. J. Ayer

Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer, Fellow of the British Academy, 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
He was educated at Eton College and Oxford University, after which he studied the philosophy of logical positivism at the University of Vienna. From 1933 to 1940 he lectured on philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford.

During the Second World War Ayer was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent.
He was Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, after which he returned to Oxford to become Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952 and knighted in 1970.

Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was verificationism, a theory of knowledge which asserted that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are cognitively meaningful. The movement flourished in the 1920s and 1930s in several European centers.

AJ Ayer on Logical Positivism, 1:23


A J Ayer in discussion with Bryan Magee on logical positivism.


https://youtu.be/S1Pj8d9vQ8s





Efforts to convert philosophy to this new "scientific philosophy", shared with empirical sciences' best examples, such as Einstein's general theory of relativity, sought to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims.

The Berlin Circle and Vienna Circle—groups of philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians in Berlin and Vienna—propounded logical positivism, starting in the late 1920s.

AJ Ayer Summaryy, 3:37


A2 Philosophy project By Ben Gill, Jess Hill and Stef Dickinson-Smith


https://youtu.be/fSleS1g6dsE

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?
Edmund L. Gettier

Conditions for Knowledge
Robert Nozick

Robert Nozick November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University, and was president of the American Philosophical Association. He is best known for his books Philosophical Explanations (1981), which included his counterfactual theory of knowledge, and Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971). His other work involved decision theory and epistemology. 

Appearance and Reality

Bertrand Russell

What is this object?

Russell on Appearance and Reality, This is not a table (Video Essay), 3:23

An examination of Bertrand Russell's argument that reality is distinct from its appearance. What we see is our mind's interpretation of reality, not reality itself. This is in essence, notes on chapter 1 of Bertrand Russell's "The Problems of Philosophy"

https://youtu.be/kwwFwgh1BFg

What Can I Know?
D. Z. Phillips

Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (24 November 1934 – 25 July 2006), known as D. Z. Phillips, Dewi Z, or simply DZ, was a leading proponent of Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion. He had an academic career spanning five decades, and at the time of his death he held the Danforth Chair in Philosophy of religion at Claremont Graduate University, California, and was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Swansea University.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (German: 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge. During his lifetime he published just one slim book, the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), one article, one book review and a children's dictionary. His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. Philosophical Investigations appeared as a book in 1953, and has since come to be recognized as one of the most important works of philosophy in the twentieth century. His teacher Bertrand Russell described Wittgenstein as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived; passionate, profound, intense, and dominating".

Born in Vienna into one of Europe's richest families, he inherited a large fortune from his father in 1913. He initially made some donations to artists and writers and then, in a period of severe personal depression after the First World War, he gave away his entire fortune to his brothers and sisters. Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Wittgenstein contemplating it too. He left academia several times—serving as an officer on the front line during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working as a hospital porter during World War II in London where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed while largely managing to keep secret the fact that he was one of the world's most famous philosophers.He described philosophy as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction".

His philosophy is often divided into an early period, exemplified by the Tractatus, and a later period, articulated in the Philosophical Investigations. The early Wittgenstein was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world and believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship, he had solved all philosophical problems. The later Wittgenstein rejected many of the assumptions of the Tractatus, arguing that the meaning of words is best understood as their use within a given language-game.

Thus, his early work almost entirely contradicted his later work.

The Problem of Induction
Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense". He was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom.

In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against idealism". He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism. Occasionally, he advocated preventive nuclear war, before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly had passed, and "welcomed with enthusiasm" world government.He went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he concluded war against Adolf Hitler was a necessary "lesser of two evils". He criticized Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"

Induction without a Problem
P. F. Strawson

Puzzling Out Knowledge
Susan Haack

Meditations on First Philosophy
René Descartes

René Descartes (French: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the father of modern western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. A native of the Kingdom of France, he spent about 20 years (1629–49) of his life in the Dutch Republic after serving for a while in the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. He is generally considered one of the most notable intellectual representatives of the Dutch Golden Age.

Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes's influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution.

Descartes refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers. He frequently set his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Les passions de l'âme, a treatise on the early modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". His best known philosophical statement is "Cogito ergo sum" (French: Je pense, donc je suis; I think, therefore I am), found in part IV of Discours de la méthode (1637; written in French but with inclusion of "Cogito ergo sum") and §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (1644; written in Latin).^]

Many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation.

Descartes laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza^[16] and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
John Locke

John Locke 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as David Hume, Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception. This is now known as empiricism. An example of Locke's belief in Empiricism can be seen in his quote, "whatever I write, as soon as I discover it not to be true, my hand shall be the forwardest to throw it into the fire." This shows the ideology of science in his observations in that something must be capable of being tested repeatedly and that nothing is exempt from being disproved. Challenging the work of others, Locke is said to have established the method of introspection, or observing the emotions and behaviours of one’s self.

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

George Berkeley

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
David Hume

Critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant

Collective Culpability George Floyd

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Martin Luther King Black Power Riots Immoral George Floyd

leftists-celebrate-mlks-riot-quote-actually-called-immoral

Ancient Medicine

Medicine

India, Not Islam, Discovered Zero

9/origin-zero-not-muslims-indian

Ian Hunter: ATYD, Bowie, Freddie Mercury

ATYD

Introduction to Philosophy: Nietzsche, Parable of the Mad Man

Nietzsche

Gay Lobby Lies

/psa-projects-need-traction-to-counter-gay-lobbys-lies

Introduction to Philosophy: Plato's Allegory of the Cave

Plato's Allegory of the Cave

Plato

Ian Hunter, Mick Ronson, Beside Bowie

Beside Bowie

Ian Hunter, Pledge Music Interview

blog/ian-hunter-interview-august-2017

Fantastic Fins 1950s Cars

Wild

Classcraft Premium

Lesson-5-Classcraft-Premium-features-3-mins

REL 212: Robot Buddhist Priest

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Ian Hunter, Records of Life, Joe Elliott

def-leppards-joe-elliott-the-10-records-that-changed-my-life

Ian Hunter, Mott The Hoople, Nicky Horne

 Mott The Hoople/Nicky Horne/Capital Radio London

https://audioboom.com/posts/5071441-con ... -horne?t=0

Interesting interview with Nicky Horne about his career
and early days at Capital Radio special mention from 27:00.

Ian Hunter Tribute: Jim Kerr, Simple Minds

Simple Minds Official
BOOKS - OF BRILLIANT THINGS : IAN HUNTER'S DIARY OF A ROCK N ROLL STAR

As with their music, I have over the years enjoyed many autobiographies from artists/ producers/music business legends etc. Those authentic voices relaying tales and details of how they made the music, as well of course as to how they came to make career's out of music, has tremendous appeal. Especially in getting to know the hardships endured on the road to producing successful music.

But it really has to be the autobiography if it is to get my attention. Biographies alternately, and no matter how well researched, always lack the voice of the main character, the true voice that resonates at the core of all great stories. I do have some exceptions to that rule in the case of Frank Sinatra, whose story accompanied me most nights on tediously long drives during our recent tour.

To be fair, and due to the fact that I try to get out walking for up to a couple of hours most days, (when not touring) it is mostly audiobooks that I listen to when doing so. Casting an eye right now over the purchases that I've made over the recent years I observe the following names. Patti Smith, David Byrne, Bob Dylan Neil Young, Brian Eno, Keith Richards, Bruce Springsteen, Viv Albertine, Tracy Thorn, and Pete Townsend. Oh and least I forget...someone gave me Chrissie Hynde's book for Christmas a couple of years ago.

I have yet to get round to Springsteen and Richards, even though I feel have already. The media promotion for both was unavoidable, and when ever things become real huge events, I find that I prefer to wait a few years and then catch up when the hype has died down, as usually I'm already bored with it on arrival.

Others that I recollect from the past are John Lydon's 'No Irish, No Black's, No Dogs.'
And Ronnie Spector's ' Be My Baby : How I Survived Mascara, Miniskirts and Madness. Both possibly worth it for those engaging titles alone - 
I also survived an amount of mascara and madness. As for miniskirts? Well, still working on that.

Going way into the distant past, there is a huge place in my heart still for the first ever music autobiography that I read. It was produced in the shape of a tour diary and written by Mott The Hoople's lead singer, Ian Hunter. As much as any record, those pages more than merely influenced me in wanting to somehow get involved with music. Even if, Hunter is clearly warning the reader against that very notion.

As Wiki puts it.
"Diary of a Rock'n'Roll Star is Ian Hunter's famous written-as-it-happened account of Mott the Hoople's 5 week November-December 1972 U.S. tour. It chronicles the endless traveling, hotels, sound checks, performances and, notably, strips away the glittering facade of the rock star.
As if aware of his own future career arc, Hunter warns, "It may look flashy, but it's over and you are finished before you know it - if you aren't already broken by one thing it will be another... The rock business is a dirty business full stop."

I dearly loved Mott The Hoople in those days, and I still listen to their albums, full of songs that both hit you in the heart, and are full of swagger and full on fantasy.

Although it was Bowie who wrote their huge hit, the still wonderful "All The Young Dudes " Ian Hunter nonetheless is and always was a great songwriter. One with with a voice that I loved, the entire band a noise that was way more sublime than most other around at that time.

Another reason for me to love Ian - not that any more is needed?

Well, although born in Shropshire in 1939, due to the onset of war, Hunter's mother and siblings moved to live with the family of his Scottish father in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. Hunter was brought up there until the age of six and considers himself a Scot.

Coincidentally my father's family also came from Hamilton. It is not that big a place really. And as I passed by it on the train recently, how could I not consider the brilliant Ian Hunter, who is still writing, recording and touring...and is very much "one of ours."

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