Blog Smith: Slavery in Islam

Saturday, May 5, 2018

Slavery in Islam

You concede my central contention: "There [sic] were part of the customary laws of war in those times."

Mohammed owned, bought, and traded in young girls and blacks; Jesus did not.

Stark was a long time professor of sociology and of comparative religion at the University of Washington now Distinguished Professor of the Social Sciences at Baylor University, co-director of the university's Institute for Studies of Religion, and founding editor of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion.

He is a qualified academic. His views on unrelated issues are irrelevant. I repeat: Eliade was the editor, not the author of the article cited. Ad hominem attacks on scholars do not advance your position.

"Eliade's encyclopedia of religions is not considered a very good source on Islam by Muslim researchers."

Jews and Christians do not get to choose what is acceptable research according to their faith criteria and Muslims must submit to the same standards of non-sectarian, academic inquiry.

You are reversing the onus: it is not for me to prove a negative, but to you to prove the contrary. Rodney Stark is a "cultural Christian" most critical of other cultures a who doesn't even accept the theory of evolution. Between the fascist Eliade and Stark, you have curious references.

A commonly accepted translation of Qu'ran 33:50 is:

O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee; and daughters of thy paternal uncles and aunts, and daughters of thy maternal uncles and aunts, who migrated (from Makka) with thee; and any believing woman who dedicates her soul to the Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed her;- this only for thee, and not for the Believers (at large); We know what We have appointed for them as to their wives and the captives whom their right hands possess;- in order that there should be no difficulty for thee.

And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

That's the Yusuf Ali translation. It is about the spoils of war. There were part of the customary laws of war in those times. I gave you references to quotes in the Bible that don't differ in principle. These laws of war were those extant at the tile and had little to do with religion, except they were not challenged by religion -either one.

I never said non-Muslims should be excluded from the debate but you are doing the opposite: excluding Muslims from it, and bringing in commentators whose hostility to Islam is well-known. One is a fascist and Nazi collaborator who left France when placed under investigation and the other one, who teaches at Baylor University and now describes himself as an independent Christian, claims to be a rational thinker but his attitude to the theory of revolution rather puts this into question.

Eliade is not a reference; he edited the Encyclopedia. The article cited was written by a non-sectarian scholar of Islam, not Eliade.

The problematic case of Bilal can be discussed but slavery for Mohammed included multiple slaves and trading according to a "serious" source, the Qur'an.

“Prophet, We have made lawful to you the wives to whom you have granted dowries and the slave girls whom God has given you as booty.” (Qur’an 33:50)

In addition, serious scholars acknowledge Muhammed's slave ownership and slave trading. Rodney Stark argues that "the fundamental problem facing Muslim theologians vis-à-vis the morality of slavery is that Muhammad bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves: "For the Glory of God," p. 338, 2003, Princeton University Press.

On the other hand, I grasp the considerable lengths to which sectarian Muslims need to scrub the primary sources of uncomfortable aspects--the owning of "little girls" and "blacks"--of Muhammed's slave holding and trading.

"Muslim researchers" alone do not get to judge what is scholarship. As Max Mueller observed: 'he who knows one knows none.'

If Christian researchers were supremacists then Liberty University, The Pontifical Institute, and BYU could do likewise.

What primary documents can you reference which demonstrate that Mohammed was not a slave master and trader?

GProphet Mohammed's only slave who was freed, was Bilal. Bukhari contains many weak hadith as modern criticism has shown.

I can't prove a negative! There is no serious source that Mohammed was a slave trader!

No Eliade's encyclopedia of religions is not considered a very good source on Islam by Muslim researchers.

There is for a new (2012 I believe) effort in Turkey led by Ali Bardakoglu and Mehmet Görmez to oublish a revised list of hadiths, including Bukhari's.

Hadiths like “Women are imperfect in intellect and religion", “The best of women are those who are like sheep,” “If a woman doesn’t satisfy her husband’s desires, she should choose herself a place in hell", “If a husband’s body is covered with pus and his wife licks it clean, she still wouldn’t have paid her dues", “Your prayer will be invalid if a donkey, black dog or a woman passes in front of you” have been easily found to be apocryphal.

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5h
Giles Raymond DeMourot (continued)

Modern Muslim intellectuals have long argued that the hadiths should be revised, but this is the first time in recent history that a central Islamic authority -Diyanet- has taken the dramatic step of deciding to edit them. The media and intellectuals of Ankara and Istanbul largely welcomed the move, which the Turkish government supported. And although there were rumblings of discontent from ultraconservative commentators, they didn't amount to a protest.

The hadiths were compiled two centuries after the Koran, which was transcribed during the prophet's lifetime and canonized right after his death in Medina in the 7th century. By the 9th century, people were constructing such strange stories from the prophet that scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj decided to evaluate and catalogue them. Focusing on the reliability of the chain of transmitters, these scholars created collections of sahih , or trustworthy, hadiths.

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5h
Giles Raymond DeMourot (continued)

However Bukhari and Ibn Al Hajjaj did not have at their disposal the modern tools of analysis. Mustafa Aykol wrote in the Washington Post that some modern Islamic scholars have felt increasingly uneasy about the inconsistencies and narrow-minded assertions in these collections. There are other hadiths that explain Muhammad's great respect for his wives, for example, and insist on the rights of women. The contradiction implies a need for revision.

In proposing to create its new standard collection, the Turkish Diyanet intends to look beyond the chain of transmitters to logic, consistency and common sense. In many ways, this is a revival of an early debate in Islamic jurisprudence between rival camps known as the adherents of the hadiths and the adherents of reason -- a debate that ended with the triumph of the former.

http://wapo.st/1VSFM9B

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5h
Giles Raymond DeMourot (continued)

My late friend Mohammed Arkoun, an Algerian who taught and did research at the Sorbonne in Paris, and had worked with Fernand Braudel, also did work on hadiths which was of interest, including on Bukhari. He showed me for instance for Bukhari to have received the text of two hadith in two different cities at the date he indicated, he should have been able to travel on the Concorde.

To return to Eliade, one of his most influential contributions to religious studies was his theory of Eternal Return, which holds that myths and rituals do not simply commemorate hierophanies (manifestation of the sacred), but, at least to the minds of the religious, actually participate in them. It is not considered as a rational theory.

Eliade left France for Chicago in 1956 after having been placed under investigation for his pro-Nazi actitivities and his membership of Iron Guard during the war (which included writiing hostile pieces on Jews and Muslims).

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5h
Giles Raymond DeMourot (continued)

Before the war he had been arrested once on July 14, 1938 after a crackdown on the Iron Guard authorized by King Carol II. In 1942, Eliade authored a volume in praise of the Estado Novo, established in Portugal by António de Oliveira Salazar,claiming that "The Salazarian state, a Christian and totalitarian one, is first and foremost based on love". In autumn 1943, he traveled to occupied France, where he rejoined Emil Cioran, also meeting with scholar Georges Dumézil and the collaborationist writer Paul Morand. He was involved in intellectual collaboration with the Vichy regime.
5

Eliade is not a reference; the Encyclopedia of Religion is a secondary source of contemporary scholarship which documents the veracity of Bukhari as a primary source.

The Quran and the reliable Hadiths are references which document Mohammed as a slave master.

What primary documents can you reference which demonstrate that Mohammed was not a slave trader?

Bukhari is a compendium of hadiths. Mircea Eliade would not be my reference. The fact of the matter is that Mohammed had a slave, Bilal, and freed him. He didn't abolish slavery, something that had to wait the 19th century in Europe, the US and Brazil, with an abundance of religious justification on both sides of the issue. Slavery was officially abolished in Saudi Arabia only in 1962.

In the 1860s, Southern preachers defending slavery took the Bible literally. They asked who could question the Word of God when it said, "slaves, obey your earthly masters with fear and trembling" (Ephesians 6:5), or "tell slaves to be submissive to their masters and to give satisfaction in every respect" (Titus 2:9). Christians who wanted to preserve slavery had the words of the Bible to back them up.
Historian James Howell Moorhead of Princeton Theological Seminary points out that other ministers drew on the Book of Revelation and suggested that a Northern victory might prepare the way for the Kingdom of God on earth. Still others preached that God would not allow the North to win until it ended slavery. The Battle Hymn of the Republic summed up such Union beliefs:

"In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea, With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me: As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on."

George Washington rightly observed: "Religious controversies are always productive of more acrimony and irreconcilable hatreds than those which spring from any other cause."

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2h
Giles Raymond DeMourot (continued)

Peter Wood, emeritus professor of American history at Duke University, suggests that in revisiting the Civil War, we need to remember not only the preaching of white ministers from the North and the South, but also the perspective of African Americans, so absent during the Centennial. "In Frederick Douglass' world," says Wood, "devout black believers — and numerous white abolitionist allies, violent and non-violent — were quick to see slavery as a sin and a defilement of New Testament values that had to be rooted out."
2

You do not need hundreds of quotes; it should be easy for you. You only need to produce one Quranic quote or reliable primary source exonerating the slave master Mohammed.

"Recent opinion is inclined to see more hadith as sound, and also recognizes that the Hadith, whether 'true' or not, were a powerful formative influence in Islamic society. Scholars made many collections of 'sound' Hadith, and six of these came to have a kind of canonical status among Sunni Muslims; the earliest of the six where those of al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim (d. 875)." The Encyclopedia of Religion, Eliade, 10:145.

Muhammed's "black slave" Bukhari 3:43:648
"Girl slave" Bukhari 3:47:765
"Slave girls" Bukhari 4:53:344
"Slave Midam" Bukhari 5:59:541
"Slave girl" Bukhari 6:60:274
"Slave" Bukhari 6:60:281
"A black slave" Bukhari 6:60:435
"Black slave of his" (Mohamed) Bukhari 7:62:119
"Prophet had received a few slave girls" Bukhari 7:64:274
"His (Muhammad) slave tailor" Bukhari 7:65:344-346

Bukhari's hadiths are supposed to be a reference, but modern critics have shown some of them are at best second hand. See for instance Bünyamin Erul in Turkey. With the passage of tile and modern historiographic tools one realizes that the proportion of weak hadiths is higher than previously thought.

Now we can both align hundred of quotes without progressing one inch. Christianity and Islam for a long time did not question slavery as it was part of society as existed then. Christianity turned against slavery earlier than did Islam, but that's rather easy to explain with the social-cultural and religious stagnation that Ottoman domination implied. There were also minor theologians trying to justify slavery before and until the end of the US civil war.

"These are the names of Muhammad's male slaves: Yakan Abu Sharh, Aflah, 'Ubayd, Dhakwan, Tahman, Mirwan, Hunayn, Sanad, Fadala Yamamin, Anjasha al-Hadi, Mad'am, Karkara, Abu Rafi', Thawban, Ab Kabsha, Salih, Rabah, Yara Nubyan, Fadila, Waqid, Mabur, Abu Waqid, Kasam, Abu 'Ayb, Abu Muwayhiba, Zayd Ibn Haritha, and also a black slave called Mahran, who was re-named (by Muhammad) Safina (`ship')."

Zad al-Ma'ad, pp. 114-116

Muhammad's Maid Slaves "are Salma Um Rafi', Maymuna daughter of Abu Asib, Maymuna daughter of Sa'd, Khadra, Radwa, Razina, Um Damira, Rayhana, Mary the Coptic, in addition to two other maid-slaves, one of them given to him as a present by his cousin, Zaynab, and the other one captured in a war."

Zad al-Ma'ad, pp. 114-116

So Muhammad began seizing their herds and their property bit by bit. He conquered home by home. The Messenger took some people captive, including Safiyah and her two cousins. The Prophet chose Safiyah for himself.

Al-Tabari, Vol. 8, p. 116, See also: Ishaq:511

Narrated Al-Hasan: 'Amr bin Taghlib told us that Allah's Apostle got some property or some war prisoners and he distributed them in the above way (i.e. giving to some people to the exclusion of others) .

Sahih Bukhari 4:53:373

Narrated Jabir: A man manumitted a slave and he had no other property than that, so the Prophet cancelled the manumission (and sold the slave for him). No'aim bin Al-Nahham bought the slave from him. Sahih Bukhari 3:41:598

Mohammed had one slave, Bilal, which he freed. But he didn't call for the abolition of slavery, neither did Jesus. Among Muslims and Christians, some did condemn slavery. St Augustine is one. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Contra Gentiles justified slavery. He believed that the universe had a natural structure that gave some men authority over others. He justified this by pointing out the hierarchical nature of heaven, where some angels were superior to others. Martin Luther did not condemn slavery. We can go on and on.

Mohammed was a slave master; Jesus was not.

You have conceded my premise; the seven Quranic texts and the slave practices of Mohammed can not be questioned.

I have no need for literalism.

I will interpret the Islamic and Christian practices of slavery in light of later knowledge as you suggest.

One of Master Muhammad's closest companions was Umar, who became the 2nd caliph two years after the Islamic leader died. Umar enslaved black Africans with a Baqt (treaty) that was unchallenged by Muslims for seven hundred years.

On the other hand, a later authoritative Christian leader after Jesus, Augustine, wrote in The City of God: "But by nature, as God first created us, no one is the slave either of man or of sin" (Ch. 15, Book 19).

Interpreted in later practice just after their respective founders Christianity opposed slavery but Muslim leaders continued the slave holding precedent of Mohammed.

The Prophet freed his slave Bilal. A major proportion of the Hadith are "weak", and the Sunna is uncertain in some parts. Only the Qu'ran cannot be questioned, though it can be to a degree interpreted in the light of later knowledge. Beware of literalism. The reality is while neither Christianity nor Islam justified slavery, they initially accepted it as an institution of society. In the US South slavery was often justified with quotes from the Bible, while Abolitionists also quoted the Bible. The title of this thread, "Women slaughter is simply part of their religion", will be offensive to most Muslims including to moderate Islamists. The letter to AB Al-Baghdadi sates that "It is forbidden in Islam to deny women their rights."

Quran (33:50) - "O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those (slaves) whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee."

Quran (23:5-6) - "who abstain from sex, except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess."

Quran (4:24) - "And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess."

Quran (8:69) - "But (now) enjoy what ye took in war, lawful and good."A reference to war booty, of which slaves were a part. The Muslim slave master may enjoy his "catch" because (according to verse 71) "Allah gave you mastery over them."

Quran (24:32) - "And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves."

Quran (2:178) - "O ye who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the murdered; the freeman for the freeman, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female."

Quran (16:75) - "Allah sets forth the Parable (of two men: one) a slave under the dominion of another; He has no power of any sort; and (the other) a man on whom We have bestowed goodly favours from Ourselves, and he spends thereof (freely), privately and publicly: are the two equal? (By no means;) praise be to Allah.' (According to 16:71, the owner should be careful about insulting Allah by bestowing Allah's gifts on slaves - those whom the god of Islam has not favored).

There are seven prescriptive Quranic verses describing how Muslims are to take, treat, and master their slaves to imitate Muhammed's example as a slave master.

Jesus was not a slave master and Ephesians is a descriptive text of Greco-Roman society.

In the Hadith and Sira there are of course nineteen more prescriptive passages for Islamic masters to follow and imitate Muhammed's example; in contrast, there are no Christian slaveholding texts for the centuries of patristic literature.

No, neither does the Quran. Both Holy Books start from the premise that slavery exists, and give advice as to how to treat slaves. Prophet Mohammed freed his slave Bilal who remained his servant. As the letter to Al-Baghaddi says, "The re-introduction of slavery is forbidden in Islam. It was abolished by universal consensus." Not because the Quran said so. The Bible does not say either that slaves should be freed. Slavery had nothing to do with either Christinity but existed in the societies where religion was revealed.

I suggest you read Exodus 21:2-6, Leviticus 25:39-55, Deuteronomy 15:12-18, Ephesians 6:5, Exodus 21:2-6, Deuteronomy 15:12-15, Jeremiah 34:14, Leviticus 25:44-47, Exodus 21:26-27. The Islamic State and its theories do not represent Islam, only some religious-political extremists.

I took your advice and read Ephesians 6:5.

Οἱ δοῦλοι, ὑπακούετε τοῖς κατὰ σάρκα κυρίοις μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου ἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν ὡς τῷ Χριστῷ,

The verse does not advocate slavery: it tells Christians who are victimized as slaves, since slavery already exists as a pre-existing social condition, to ὑπακούετε (literally: you obey) obey their earthly masters.

In point of contrast, the Qur'an directs a Muslim to master "those whom you own as slaves."
This is not extreme behavior but it is a Quranic directive.

I made no reference to the Hebrew Scriptures thus the passages have no bearing on Ephesians.

The Christian bible does not authorize slavery: the Quran does. In Islam, no earthly authority trumps Allah. Do not confuse the foibles of human nature, slavery may potentially exist at all times by all peoples and religions; and, on the other hand, the Quranic admonition that slavery is justified. All religions and their subsequent institutions and practices are not the same. As a result, Christians such as Quakers are early abolitionists but Muslims persist long after the Enlightenment to create the Islamic State.

Certainly slavery existed in Islam (as in Christianity by the way), but the document I referred to and authored by the highest authorities in Sunni Islam says: "The re-introduction of slavery is forbidden in Islam. It was abolished by universal consensus."

Mā malakat aymānukum ("what your right hands possess", Arabic: ما ملكت أيمانکم‎‎) is a reference in the Qur'an to slaves.

Bernard Lewis translates ma malakat aymanukum as "those whom you own." Abdullah Yusuf Ali translates it as "those whom your right hands possess", as does M. H. Shakir. N. J. Dawood translates the phrase more idiomatically as "those whom you own as slaves."

Marco: That as nothing to do with Islam. The practices of the Islamic State are known for their barbarity. For the Islamic position from the point of view of the highest authorities in Sunni Islam, read "Open letter to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi":

_6. It is forbidden in Islam to kill the innocent.
_10. It is forbidden in Islam to harm or mistreat—in any way—Christians or any ‘People of the Scripture’.
_11. It is obligatory to consider Yazidis as People of the Scripture.
_12. The re-introduction of slavery is forbidden in Islam. It was abolished by universal consensus.
_13. It is forbidden in Islam to force people to convert.
_14. It is forbidden in Islam to deny women their rights.
_17. It is forbidden in Islam to torture people.

http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/

Women Slaughter is Simply a Part of Their Religion

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Friedman, Thomas L. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Further Updated and Expanded/Release 3.0;
Friedman, Thomas L., The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization;
Frontinus: Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome. (Loeb Classical Library No. 174);
Fuller Focus: Fuller Theological Seminary;
Fuller, Graham E., A World Without Islam;
Gaubatz, P. David and Paul Sperry, Muslim Mafia: Inside the Secret Underworld That's Conspiring to Islamize America;
Ghattas, Kim, The Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Power;
Gibson, William, Neuromancer;
Gilmour, Michael J., Gods and Guitars: Seeking the Sacred in Post-1960s Popular Music;
Global Services: Strategies for Sourcing People, Processes, and Technologies;
Glucklich, Ariel, Dying for Heaven: Holy Pleasure and Suicide Bombers-Why the Best Qualities of Religion Are Also It's Most Dangerous;
Goldberg, Jonah, Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, From Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning;
Goldin, Shmuel, Unlocking the Torah Text Vayikra (Leviticus);
Goldsworthy, Adrian, Caesar: Life of a Colossus;
Goldsworthy, Adrian, How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower;
Goodman, Lenn E., Creation and Evolution;
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln;
Gopp, Amy, et.al., Split Ticket: Independent Faith in a Time of Partisan Politics (WTF: Where's the Faith?);
Gordon, Michael R., and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq;
Government Health IT: The Magazine of Public/private Health Care Convergence;
Government Technology's Emergency Management: Strategy & Leadership in Critical Times;
Government Technology: Solutions for State and Local Government in the Information Age;
Grant , Michael, The Climax of Rome: The Final Achievements of the Ancient World, AD 161 - 337;
Grant, Michael, The Classical Greeks;
Grumberg, Orna, and Helmut Veith, 25 Years of Model Checking: History, Achievements, Perspectives;
Halberstam, David, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals;
Hammer, Reuven, Entering Torah Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion;
Hanson, Victor Davis, An Autumn of War: What America Learned from September 11 and the War on Terrorism;
Hanson, Victor Davis, Between War and Peace: Lessons from Afghanistan to Iraq;
Hanson, Victor Davis, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power;
Hanson, Victor Davis, How The Obama Administration Threatens Our National Security (Encounter Broadsides);
Hanson, Victor Davis, Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome;
Hanson, Victor Davis, Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think;
Hanson, Victor Davis, The End of Sparta: A Novel;
Hanson, Victor Davis, The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny;
Hanson, Victor Davis, Wars of the Ancient Greeks;
Harnack, Adolf Von, History of Dogma, Volume 3 (Sony Reader);
Harris, Alex, Reputation At Risk: Reputation Report;
Harris, Sam, Letter to a Christian Nation;
Harris, Sam, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason;
Hayek, F. A., The Road to Serfdom;
Heilbroner, Robert L., and Lester Thurow, Economics Explained: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works and Where It's Going;
Hempel, Sandra, The Strange Case of The Broad Street Pump: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera;
Hinnells, John R., A Handbook of Ancient Religions;
Hitchens, Christopher, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything;
Hogg, Ian V., The Encyclopedia of Weaponry: The Development of Weaponry from Prehistory to 21st Century Warfare;
Hugo, Victor, The Hunchback of Notre Dame;
Humphrey, Caroline & Vitebsky, Piers, Sacred Architecture;
Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order;
Info World: Information Technology News, Computer Networking & Security;
Information Week: Business Innovation Powered by Technology:
Infostor: The Leading Source for Enterprise Storage Professionals;
Infrastructure Insite: Bringing IT Together;
Insurance Technology: Business Innovation Powered by Technology;
Integrated Solutions: For Enterprise Content Management;
Intel Premier IT: Sharing Best Practices with the Information Technology Community;
Irwin, Robert, Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and Its Discontents;
Jeffrey, Grant R., The Global-Warming Deception: How a Secret Elite Plans to Bankrupt America and Steal Your Freedom;
Jewkes, Yvonne, and Majid Yar, Handbook of Internet Crime;
Johnson, Chalmers, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire;
Journal, The: Transforming Education Through Technology;
Judd, Denis, The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947;
Kagan, Donald, The Peloponnesian War;
Kansas, Dave, The Wall Street Journal Guide to the End of Wall Street as We Know It: What You Need to Know About the Greatest Financial Crisis of Our Time--and How to Survive It;
Karsh, Efraim, Islamic Imperialism: A History;
Kasser, Rodolphe, The Gospel of Judas;
Katz, Solomon, The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Medieval Europe: (The Development of Western Civilization);
Keegan, John, Intelligence in War: The Value--and Limitations--of What the Military Can Learn About the Enemy;
Kenis, Leo, et. al., The Transformation of the Christian Churches in Western Europe 1945-2000 (Kadoc Studies on Religion, Culture and Society 6);
Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam;
Kiplinger's: Personal Finance;
Klein, Naomi, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism;
KM World: Content, Document, and Knowledge Management;
Koestler, Arthur, Darkness at Noon: A Novel;
Kostova, Elizabeth, The Historian;
Kuttner, Robert, The Squandering of America: How the Failure of Our Politics Undermines Our Prosperity;
Lake, Kirsopp, The Text of the New Testament, Sony Reader;
Laur, Timothy M., Encyclopedia of Modern US Military Weapons ;
Leffler, Melvyn P., and Jeffrey W. Legro, To Lead the World: American Strategy After the Bush Doctrine;
Lendon, J. E., Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity;
Lenin, V. I., Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism;
Lennon, John J., There is Absolutely No Reason to Pay Too Much for College!;
Lewis, Bernard, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror;
Lewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East;
Lifton, Robert J., Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America;
Limberis, Vasiliki M., Architects of Piety: The Cappadocian Fathers and the Cult of the Martyrs;
Lipsett, B. Diane, Desiring Conversion: Hermas, Thecla, Aseneth;
Livingston, Jessica, Founders At Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days;
Livy, Rome and the Mediterranean: Books XXXI-XLV of the History of Rome from its Foundation (Penguin Classics);
Louis J., Freeh, My FBI: Bringing Down the Mafia, Investigating Bill Clinton, and Fighting the War on Terror;
Mackay, Christopher S., Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History;
Majno, Guido, The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World;
Marcus, Greil,Invisible Republic: Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes;
Marshall-Cornwall, James, Napoleon as Military Commander;
Maughm, W. Somerset, Of Human Bondage;
McCluskey, Neal P., Feds in the Classroom: How Big Government Corrupts, Cripples, and Compromises American Education;
McCullough, David, 1776;
McCullough, David, John Adams;
McCullough, David, Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt;
McLynn, Frank, Marcus Aurelius: A Life;
McManus, John, Deadly Brotherhood, The: The American Combat Soldier in World War II ;
McMaster, H. R., Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam;
McNamara, Patrick, Science and the World's Religions Volume 1: Origins and Destinies (Brain, Behavior, and Evolution);
McNamara, Patrick, Science and the World's Religions Volume 2: Persons and Groups (Brain, Behavior, and Evolution);
McNamara, Patrick, Science and the World's Religions Volume 3: Religions and Controversies (Brain, Behavior, and Evolution);
Meacham, Jon, American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House;
Mearsheimer, John J., and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy;
Meier, Christian, Caesar: A Biography;
Menzies, Gaven, 1421: The Year China Discovered America;
Metaxas, Eric, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy;
Michael, Katina and M.G. Michael, Innovative Automatic Identification and Location-Based Services: From Barcodes to Chip Implants;
Migliore, Daniel L., Faith Seeking Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Theology;
Military & Aerospace Electronics: The Magazine of Transformation in Electronic and Optical Technology;
Millard, Candice, Theodore Roosevelt's Darkest Journey: The River of Doubt;
Mommsen, Theodor, The History of the Roman Republic, Sony Reader;
Muller, F. Max, Chips From A German Workshop: Volume III: Essays On Language And Literature;
Murray, Janet, H., Hamlet On the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace;
Murray, Williamson, War in the Air 1914-45;
Müller, F. Max, Chips From A German Workshop;
Nader, Ralph, Crashing the Party: Taking on the Corporate Government in an Age of Surrender;
Nagl, John A., Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam;
Napoleoni, Loretta, Terrorism and the Economy: How the War on Terror is Bankrupting the World;
Nature: The International Weekly Journal of Science;
Negus, Christopher, Fedora 6 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux;
Network Computing: For IT by IT:
Network World: The Leader in Network Knowledge;
Network-centric Security: Where Physical Security & IT Worlds Converge;
Newman, Paul B., Travel and Trade in the Middle Ages;
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, The Nietzsche-Wagner Correspondence;
Nixon, Ed, The Nixons: A Family Portrait;
O'Brien, Johnny, Day of the Assassins: A Jack Christie Novel;
O'Donnell, James J., Augustine: A New Biography;
OH & S: Occupational Health & Safety
Okakura, Kakuzo, The Book of Tea;
Optimize: Business Strategy & Execution for CIOs;
Ostler, Nicholas, Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin;
Parry, Jay A., The Real George Washington (American Classic Series);
Paton, W.R., The Greek Anthology, Volume V, Loeb Classical Library, No. 86;
Pausanius, Guide to Greece 1: Central Greece;
Perrett, Bryan, Cassell Military Classics: Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare;
Perrottet, Tony, The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Olympic Games;
Peters, Ralph, New Glory: Expanding America's Global Supremacy;
Phillips, Kevin, American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush;
Pick, Bernhard; Paralipomena; Remains of Gospels and Sayings of Christ (Sony Reader);
Pimlott, John, The Elite: The Special Forces of the World Volume 1;
Pitre, Brant, Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist: Unlocking the Secrets of the Last Supper;
Plutarch's Lives, X: Agis and Cleomenes. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Philopoemen and Flamininus (Loeb Classical Library®);
Podhoretz, Norman, World War IV: The Long Struggle Against Islamofascism;
Posner, Gerald, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK;
Potter, Wendell, Deadly Spin: An Insurance Company Insider Speaks Out on How Corporate PR Is Killing Health Care and Deceiving Americans;
Pouesi, Daniel, Akua;
Premier IT Magazine: Sharing Best Practices with the Information Technology Community;
Price, Monroe E. & Daniel Dayan, eds., Owning the Olympics: Narratives of the New China;
Profit: The Executive's Guide to Oracle Applications;
Public CIO: Technology Leadership in the Public Sector;
Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone : The Collapse and Revival of American Community;
Quintus of Smyrna, The Fall of Troy;
Rawles, James Wesley, Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse;
Red Herring: The Business of Technology;
Redmond Channel Partner: Driving Success in the Microsoft Partner Community;
Redmond Magazine: The Independent Voice of the Microsoft IT Community;
Renan, Ernest, The life of Jesus (Sony eReader);
Richler, Mordecai (editor), Writers on World War II: An Anthology;
Roberts, Ian, The Energy Glut: Climate Change and the Politics of Fatness in an Overheating World;
Rocca, Samuel, The Army of Herod the Great;
Rodgers, Nigel, A Military History of Ancient Greece: An Authoritative Account of the Politics, Armies and Wars During the Golden Age of Ancient Greece, shown in over 200 color photographs, diagrams, maps and plans;
Rodoreda, Merce, Death in Spring: A Novel;
Romerstein, Herbert and Breindel, Eric,The Venona Secrets, Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors;
Ross, Dennis, Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World;
Roth, Jonathan P., Roman Warfare (Cambridge Introduction to Roman Civilization);
SC Magazine: For IT Security Professionals;
Scahill, Jeremy, Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army [Revised and Updated];
Schama, Simon, A History of Britain, At the Edge of the World 3500 B.C. - 1603 A.D.;
Scheuer, Michael, Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War On Terror;
Scheuer, Michael, Marching Toward Hell: America and Islam After Iraq;
Scheuer, Michael, Osama Bin Laden;
Scheuer, Michael, Through Our Enemies Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America;
Scholastic Instructor
Scholastic Parent & Child: The Joy of Family Living and Learning;
Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World As Will And Idea (Sony eReader);
Schug-Wille, Art of the Byzantine World;
Schulze, Hagen, Germany: A New History;
Schweizer, Peter, Architects of Ruin: How Big Government Liberals Wrecked the Global Economy---and How They Will Do It Again If No One Stops Them;
Scott, Sir Walter, Ivanhoe;
Seagren, Eric, Secure Your Network for Free: Using Nmap, Wireshark, Snort, Nessus, and MRTG;
Security Technology & Design: The Security Executive's Resource for Systems Integration and Convergence;
Seibel, Peter, Coders at Work;
Sekunda N., & S. Northwood, Early Roman Armies;
Seneca: Naturales Quaestiones, Books II (Loeb Classical Library No. 450);
Sewall, Sarah, The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual;
Sheppard, Ruth, Alexander the Great at War: His Army - His Battles - His Enemies;
Shinder, Jason, ed., The Poem That Changed America: "Howl" Fifty Years Later;
Sidebottom, Harry, Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction;
Sides, Hampton, Blood and Thunder: The Epic Story of Kit Carson and the Conquest of the American West;
Simkins, Michael, The Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan;
Sinchak, Steve, Hacking Windows Vista;
Smith, RJ, The One: The Life and Music of James Brown;
Software Development Times: The Industry Newspaper for Software Development Managers;
Software Test Performance;
Solomon, Norman, War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death;
Song, Lolan, Innovation Together: Microsoft Research Asia Academic Research Collaboration;
Sophocles, The Three Theban Plays, tr. Robert Fagles;
Sound & Vision: The Consumer Electronics Authority;
Southern, Pat, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History;
Sri, Edward, A Biblical Walk Through the Mass: Understanding What We Say and Do In The Liturgy;
Sri, Edward, Men, Women and the Mystery of Love: Practical Insights from John Paul II's Love and Responsibility;
Stair, John Bettridge, Old Samoa; Or, Flotsam and Jetsam From the Pacific Ocean;
Starr, Chester G., The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.-A.D. 476: A Study in Survival;
Starr, John Bryan, Understanding China: A Guide to China's Economy, History, and Political Culture;
Stauffer, John, Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln;
Steyn, Mark, America Alone: The End of the World As We Know It;
Strassler, Robert B., The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories;
Strassler, Robert B., The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War;
Strassler, Robert B., The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika;
Strategy + Business;
Streete, Gail, Redeemed Bodies: Women Martyrs in Early Christianity;
Sullivan, James, The Hardest Working Man: How James Brown Saved the Soul of America;
Sumner, Graham, Roman Military Clothing (1) 100 BC-AD 200;
Sumner, Graham, Roman Military Clothing (2) AD 200-400;
Suskind, Ron, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11:
Swanston, Malcolm, Mapping History Battles and Campaigns;
Swiderski, Richard M., Quicksilver: A History of the Use, Lore, and Effects of Mercury;
Swiderski, Richard M., Quicksilver: A History of the Use, Lore, and Effects of Mercury;
Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver's Travels;
Syme, Ronald, The Roman Revolution;
Talley, Colin L., A History of Multiple Sclerosis;
Tawil, Camille, Brothers In Arms: The Story of al-Qa'ida and the Arab Jihadists;
Tech Briefs: Engineering Solutions for Design & Manufacturing;
Tech Net: The Microsoft Journal for IT Professionals;
Tech Partner: Gain a Competitive Edge Through Solutions Providers;
Technology & Learning: Ideas and Tools for Ed Tech Leaders;
Tenet, George, At the Center of the Storm: The CIA During America's Time of Crisis;
Thackeray, W. M., Vanity Fair;
Thompson, Derrick & William Martin, Have Guitars ... Will Travel: A Journey Through the Beat Music Scene in Northampton 1957-66;
Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina;
Trento, Joseph J., The Secret History of the CIA;
Twain, Mark, The Gilded Age: a Tale of Today;
Ungar, Craig, House of Bush House of Saud;
Unterberger, Richie, The Unreleased Beatles Music & Film;
VAR Business: Strategic Insight for Technology Integrators:
Virgil, The Aeneid
Virtualization Review: Powering the New IT Generation;
Visual Studio: Enterprise Solutions for .Net Development;
VON Magazine: Voice, Video & Vision;
Wall Street Technology: Business Innovation Powered by Technology;
Wallace, Robert, Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to al-Qaeda;
Wang, Wallace, Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won’t Tell You About the Internet;
Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization;
Warren, Robert Penn, All the King's Men;
Wasik, John F., Cul-de-Sac Syndrome: Turning Around the Unsustainable American Dream;
Weber, Karl, Editor, Lincoln: A President for the Ages;
Website Magazine: The Magazine for Website Success;
Weiner, Tim, Enemies: A History of the FBI;
Weiner, Tim, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA;
West, Bing, The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics, and the Endgame in Iraq;
Wharton, Edith, The Age of Innocence;
Wilcox, Peter, Rome's Enemies (1) Germanics and Dacians;
Wise, Terence, Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265 - 146 BC;
Wissner-Gross, What Colleges Don't Tell You (And Other Parents Don't Want You To Know) 272 Secrets For Getting Your Kid Into the Top Schools;
Wissner-Gross, What High Schools Don't Tell You;
Wolf, Naomi, Give Me Liberty: A Handbook for American Revolutionaries;
Wolf, Naomi, The End of America: Letter of Warning to a Young Patriot;
Woodward, Bob, Plan of Attack;
Woodward, Bob, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House;
Wright, Lawrence, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11;
Wright-Porto, Heather, Beginning Google Blogger;
Xenophon, The Anabasis of Cyrus;
Yergin, Daniel, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, & Power;